It is commonly thought that if birds migrate early we'll have a severe winter. Found inside – Page 25Partridges also roost in winter by burrowing into small depressions in the snow. Huns prefer cool, dry climates and open ... 6 or 71/2 shot should do the trick for Huns. ... Unlike many birds, turkeys don't migrate south in winter. In North America, the oldest representation of an owl was painted by native artists 1,000 years ago. On Tuesday, they were busy, chasing the pelicans in two kayaks and a boat on a lake in an effort to round them up and move them to a heated indoor enclosure within the zoo. Should you help? I was trying to figure out what happened when I heard some noise above me. I tried setting the seedy mess out in a pan near the bird feeder one year, but no takers. Bird migration is the regular seasonal movement, often north and south along a flyway, between breeding and wintering grounds. They are fat and shiny and very handsome as the warm autumn sun glistens on their feathers, plump and healthy, as if they were ready for Thanksgiving. Management practices eligible for financial assistance include: Using these practices can lead to cleaner water and air, healthier soil and better wildlife habitat, all while improving agricultural operations. Found inside – Page 30In the spring, gobblers (male turkeys) strut in open terrain, where hens are feeding and nesting. The Osceola turkey range includes Florida, Georgia, and Louisiana. ... In the fall and winter, they migrate to lower elevations. Found inside – Page 32Turkey Feed The eastern wild turkey is Minnesota's largest game bird . ... The largest wild turkey hunted and taken in Minnesota weighed 28 pounds , 8 ounces . Even though turkeys are ... Turkeys do not migrate south for the winter . These animals live in large herds of approximately 169,000 animals. All rights reserved. Found inside – Page 27Partridges also roost in winter by burrowing into small depressions in the snow. Huns prefer cool, dry climates and open ... 6 or 71/2 shot should do the trick for Huns. ... Unlike many birds, turkeys don't migrate south in winter. Found inside – Page 9Wild Turkeys' Biggest Winter Challenge Is Deep Snow Wild turkeys do not migrate. During the winter they often separate into three distinct groups— adult males (toms), young males (jakes), and females (hens) of all ages—and spend their ... Found inside – Page 23Turkeys will travel in the winter months . These Merriam's turkeys might migrate 40 miles to winter range . ... Birds do not typically settle into a winter range until snow accumulates or cold weather really takes hold , usually after ... Copyright "If the rooster moults before the hen, we'll have winter thick and thin. Found inside – Page 133J.4.5.11 Merriam's Turkey This section discusses the species biology ; the direct , indirect , and cumulative ... Wild turkeys may migrate between summer and winter ranges , or if the range is suitable , remains on the same range year ... Farmers and ranchers: Are you interested in treating the spread of eastern red cedar trees on your rangeland, or in making other conservation improvements to your property? In The Swallow Stephen Moss documents a year of observing the swallow close to home and in the field to shed light on the secret life of this extraordinary bird. KONYA, Turkey (AP) — For centuries, Lake Tuz in central Turkey has hosted huge colonies of flamingos that migrate and breed there when the weather is warm, feeding on algae in … The Bowhunter Observation Survey is an annual survey conducted by the Iowa DNR to obtain information on deer, turkeys, and selected furbearers. By imitating the sounds of a hen, the Toms are drawn to you. US border faces long lines as Canadians migrate south for the winter. This material may not be published, broadcast, written or redistributed. If you do burn outside, use extreme caution. Turkeys are often found in different areas in the spring than in the fall. This site contains retellings of various types of American folklore and includes folktales, legends, ghost stories and myths from each of the fifty states. You will sometimes see groups of young males (“jakes”) together, and sometimes hens will travel around. You have permission to edit this article. This year, it was October! Williams: Censorship is being weaponized as a tool of exclusion. The book is designed to further the already incredible comeback of America's wild turkey. During winter, birds move to lower elevation areas between ponderosa pine and pinion-juniper habitat types. Good, full camouflage is an absolute must. Four wild turkeys grace the woods to my left. Welcome to American Folklore. There are some owl species that will to follow their food sources if needed, but most owls are so tuned in to their environment, they really don’t need to migrate to survive the winter. Because the harvest moon can happen in either September or October, the hunter’s moon can happen in October or November. In addition, there is a women’s football team that plays for Canada in the FIFA Women’s World Cup. Like hunter’s moon, these names often related to something significant that happens at this time of year. Windham: Do owls migrate like other waterfowl? If turkey feathers are unusually thick, look for a hard winter. Found inside – Page 145Though not known to breed south of Labrador , the bird migrates in winter to the St. Lawrence , and occasionally a straggler ... From the first the bird throve wonderfully in Oregon , as introduced game rarely does , and to - day it is ... Need help accessing the FCC Public File due to a disability? Found inside – Page 148I Mourning Dove Order Columbiformes, family Columbid ae, Zenaida maeroura 2 Wild Turkey Order Galliformes, family Phasianidae, ... In winter, some individuals migrate from the northernmost regions, but many remain resident. For North America, the name comes from the fact that game animals such as pheasants, turkeys, deer and elk are all fattening up for winter during this time. Found inside – Page 21Pennsylvania turkey hunters do well, and although harvest varies, recently hunters have killed about 40,000 birds each spring and an additional 25,000 during the fall season. ... Unlike many birds, turkeys don't migrate south in winter. Many of these paintings are thought to illustrate hunting scenarios. then {{format_dollars}}{{start_price}}{{format_cents}} per month. website is not intended for users located within the European Economic Area. Get up-to-the-minute news sent straight to your device. Landowners may apply for these conservation funds at any time, but applications need to be submitted by Nov. 19 to be considered for this year’s funding. In 2014, when I took the helm of my alma mater, the U.S. So, as temperatures drop by the day, it’s the right time for action for more than a dozen keepers. A local landowner has made some owl boxes and hung then in the timber on his property. Now, a story about a 70-year-old lady hunting elk here in Lincoln County is pretty special, but …. I’ve got a very cool story for you this week. Found insideIn fact, when birds are kept close together, the way chickens and turkeys often are on farms and in outdoor markets, ... Some of its populations are complete migrants, others are partial migrants, and still others do not migrate. Most North American kids learn turkey identification early, by tracing outlines of their hands to make Thanksgiving cards. Sit still and do not … LIBEREC, Czech Republic (AP) — With the winter cold in the northern hemisphere approaching, keepers at the Liberec Zoo in northern Czech Republic are giving their 10 great white pelicans a helping hand to find their way to somewhere warmer. Found inside – Page 94Merriam's Wild Turkey Turkeys will utilize ponderosa pine and Gambel oak forests , grassland and shrubland meadows ... forests and higher elevation coniferous forests during the spring , and migrate to lower elevations in the winter . They migrate for long distances, about 1,500 miles (2,400 km) from their wintering grounds to their calving grounds near the Beaufort Sea, ranging from Alaska to the Canadian territory of Yukon. © 2021 The Associated Press. Birds tend to select roost sites in large ponderosa pine trees on steep slopes. Found inside – Page 75Bald eagles migrate through the region and do winter on the Yellowstone , Powder , Tongue , and Little Missouri Rivers for ... Game Birds Sage grouse , sharp - tailed grouse , ring - necked pheasants and Merriam's turkey are the primary ... I hope you have a wonderful day with family and friends. Images of owls can also be found on Greek coins and Roman vases. Carcasses of flamingo hatchlings … There are pictures of owls in caves in France drawn by Cro-Magnon man and possibly Neanderthals up to 50,000 years ago. Courting males puff themselves into feathery balls and fill the air with exuberant gobbling. Courting males puff themselves into feathery balls and fill the air with exuberant gobbling. They also hunt grouse and pheasants. ... Biden grants Thanksgiving pardons to two turkeys. This survey was initiated in 2004 and was designed jointly by the Iowa DNR and William R. Clark, Professor at Iowa State University. Found inside – Page 75As the wild turkey does not particularly object to civilization , it could be restored to such localities if ... but she should give close season protection to those that migrate in from the Dakotas and Minnesota to winter here . Many species of bird migrate. Please contact Kris Shuldes at kshuldes@hbi.com or 651-642-4336. Found inside – Page 389Though not known to breed south of Labrador , the bird migrates in winter to the St. Lawrence , and occasionally a straggler ... From the first the bird throve wonderfully in Oregon , as introduced game rarely does , and to - day it is ... Funding is available through the Environmental Quality Incentives Program to help address these and other concerns. Dairy farms have a lot of corn waste and manure that can provide food for overwintering turkeys (turkeys do not migrate and do not do well during harsh winters). Athletes from Canada compete in the most major world events including the Summer and Winter Olympics, Commonwealth Games, FIFA, Cricket, and Rugby World Cup. Avian influenza circulates naturally in wild birds and when they migrate to the UK from mainland Europe over the winter they can spread the disease to poultry and other captive birds. Check out characters such as Paul Bunyan and Babe the Blue Ox, Pecos Bill, Johnny Appleseed and Ethan Allen as we explore American folktales from every region. {{start_at_rate}} {{format_dollars}} {{start_price}} {{format_cents}} {{term}}, {{promotional_format_dollars}}{{promotional_price}}{{promotional_format_cents}} {{term}}, Independent Contractor (Newspaper Carrier), Windham: North Platte hunter triumphs over adversity to get elk, Carter: An open letter to the people of Nebraska, Geiser: Know the regulations for muzzleloaders, Groene: Thanksgiving should remind us this is land of opportunity for all. Owls may be the first birds kids can really recognize. Found inside – Page 126Partridges also roost in winter by burrowing into small depressions in the snow. Huns prefer cool, dry climates and open ... 6 or 71/2 shot should do the trick for Huns. ... Unlike many birds, turkeys don't migrate south in winter. Found inside – Page 445There is reason to suppose that they would not long be healthy without ; for turkeys , though corn - fed ... Even in our own country , some of those which do not migrate , are , in severe winters , exposed to great privations . Found inside – Page 7The answer must have something to do with the way human settlement has changed the landscape. I think it lies in the character of Montana's frequently brutal winters, which even today determine turkey population numbers to a far greater ... This allows them to glide slowly and make precise and quick turns while hunting. The European herring gull (Larus argentatus) is a large gull, up to 66 cm (26 in) long.One of the best-known of all gulls along the shores of Western Europe, it was once abundant. These big, spectacular birds are an increasingly common sight the rest of the year, too, as flocks stride around woods and clearings like miniature dinosaurs. Even Harry Potter had an owl named Hedwig. Males are looking for females to breed with in the spring. In the wild, geese will pick up small stones and grit and sand from the ground and from the bottom of the lake or river to help them digest their food. You can cancel at any time. I would bite down on my squeaker several times every few minutes and wait. An interesting question popped up this weekend: Do owls migrate like waterfowl? Bird migration is the regular seasonal movement, often north and south along a flyway, between breeding and wintering grounds. The “Hunter’s moon” is one of the two unique moon names that are not tied to specific months. During the colder winter months, wild turkeys are likely to visit bird feeders that have spilled seed or ground-feeding areas where cracked corn is available. The wings of owls are much larger relative to its body size than other birds. Athletes from Canada compete in the most major world events including the Summer and Winter Olympics, Commonwealth Games, FIFA, Cricket, and Rugby World Cup. A Great Horned Owl moved into this one and allowed me to take a portrait of him. Birds tend to select roost sites in large ponderosa pine trees on steep slopes. Found inside – Page 224SECTION 2 WILDLIFE AND FISH IDENTIFICATION MIGRATORY UPLAND GAME BIRDS Each of the species discussed next are migratory to some extent. ... LIFE CYCLE: Turkeys are social birds, usually found in flocks, except during the nesting season. Dairy farms have a lot of corn waste and manure that can provide food for overwintering turkeys (turkeys do not migrate and do not do well during harsh winters). It is an ideal time for humans to hunt and gather food for their own winter survival. Found inside – Page 14No major impacts to Merriam's turkey or habitat would occur . Conclusion : No impact . Cavity Nesting / Neotropical Migrant Birds - Species of Special Interest : Neotropical migratory birds are species that nest , raise young in North ... When wild turkeys perch in trees and refuse to come down, snow is imminent. Naval Academy, our student body did not reflect the country we sought to serve. In 10 short years, New Hampshire had a large enough turkey population to open a hunting season. It is commonly thought that if birds migrate early we'll have a severe winter. I hoped to be able to see a coyote as it came to my call and it not seeing my silhouette in the rising sun before I could get off a shot. Found inside – Page 340Because of delayed winter weather , food was available over a long period until mid - winter ; then , with the killing ... Most plantings showed extensive use by deer , and turkeys made use of the greens in areas where they ranged . I looked up and saw a great horned owl settling onto a branch maybe three feet about me. I was tucked into a tree/fence line facing west. WTOP.com | Alexa | Google Home | WTOP App | 103.5 FM, Your Small Business Saturday shopping guide, Amid riots, France to consider some autonomy for Guadeloupe, UK plans new measures to combat the omicron COVID variant, including PCR tests for travelers and ramping up mask-wearing, Anti-government protesters block bridges, roads in Serbia, Woman dies after being struck by car on Key Bridge, Annual gift guide helps you ‘shop local’ in DC area. The anhinga (/ æ n ˈ h ɪ ŋ ɡ ə /; Anhinga anhinga), sometimes called snakebird, darter, American darter, or water turkey, is a water bird of the warmer parts of the Americas.The word anhinga comes from the Brazilian Tupi language and means "devil bird" or "snake bird". Overview: Before heavy snow cover, turkeys occupy ponderosa pine/ mixed conifer forest. Found inside – Page 445There is reason to suppose that they would not long be healthy without ; for turkeys , though corn - fed ... Even in our own country , some of those which do not migrate , are , in severe winters , exposed to great privations . The full moon that directly follows the harvest moon is always called the hunter’s moon. Found inside – Page 30In the fall and winter, they migrate to lower elevations. Springtime means that gobblers are strutting for hens in mountain meadows or in grasslands near ponderosa pine roosts. The Rio Grande turkey can be found in the South Central ... Like other tidbits of information I’ve written about moons before, various hunter/gatherer cultures used different names for each month’s moon. KONYA, Turkey (AP) — For centuries, Lake Tuz in central Turkey has hosted huge colonies of flamingos that migrate and breed there when the weather is warm, feeding on algae in … Copyright © 2021 by WTOP. The innards get tosssed on the compost pile. Their flight is almost silent due to specialized feathers on the leading and trailing edges of their wings. Enjoy unlimited articles at one of our lowest prices ever. Once the winter is over, the birds will be returned to their open-air enclosure. From the pulpit: Choose to have attitude of gratitude, Hepburn: Come along as I reminisce about my column. It was like a long eye blink. Night vision is an example; owls can see two to three times better than a human, but cats can see twice as well as an owl at night. Unlike many bird species, wild turkeys do not migrate and can be found year-round, though they are often nomadic while searching for the most abundant food sources. Today is my anniversary. The snowy owl is the closest of the species that migrates — like from the arctic to maybe Nebraska in the winter. Their hearing is so acute that they can hear mice moving under the snow. Found inside – Page 259To hunters from other areas, the altitude might seem exceptional, but it really isn't where Merriam's turkeys are concerned. If they have a choice, they do migrate downhill to spend the winter in the valleys. However, they can hardly ... These big, spectacular birds are an increasingly common sight the rest of the year, too, as flocks stride around woods and clearings like miniature dinosaurs. Years ago, I was hunting coyotes northwest of Falls City, near Goolsby Creek. There are a few rules and regulations during this season that …, Thanksgiving being celebrated in America without commercialization like our other holidays is a statement of the American character. Hunting is what attracted me to owls. Found inside – Page 75Bald eagles migrate through the region and do winter on the Yellowstone , Powder , Tongue , and Little Missouri Rivers for ... Game Birds Sage grouse , sharp - tailed grouse , ring - necked pheasants and Merriam's turkey are the primary ... Found inside – Page 82The first thing to understand is that "our turkeys will travel farther in their migratory movements and will come ... and on Colorado's eastern plains, don't migrate uphill in the spring, but do tend to range up or down the drainage. Males like to strut in small openings, but generally, turkeys prefer heavy cover. Found inside – Page 340Wild turkeys , formerly extirpated from Connecticut , now are common statewide . Paul J. Fusco / Connecticut DEP ... Fairly common nester in coastal saltwater and brackish - water marshes ; most migrate out of Connecticut for winter . Four wild turkeys grace the woods to my left. Their facial features, the feathered discs, act like parabolic antennas and funnel sounds to their ears. Once the pelicans were on land, keepers were able to gather them up and carry them to their winter quarters. We need to provide sand (standard builders sand will do) plus mixed poultry grit containing flint grit and oyster shell for our domestic geese. There are some owl species that will to follow their food sources if … The Cree called the October full moon the migrating moon because that was when birds began to migrate south for the winter. Found inside – Page 545The number of turkeys on a piece of property may fluctuate dramatically from season to season and year to year. In the fall and winter, turkeys tend to migrate to river and creek bottoms, where they congregate in large groves of tall ... Woman dies after crashing car into tree in Prince George’s Co. Navy turns heads by giving Huntington Ingalls a pass on COVID mandate, Airmen and guardians will be stuck at current orders until they are vaccinated or exempted, Federal agencies close to 100% compliance with vaccine mandate as enforcement begins, DHS, DoD look to develop repeatable, flexible 5G security process for agencies. LIBEREC, Czech Republic (AP) — With the winter cold in the northern hemisphere approaching, keepers at the Liberec Zoo in…. Many species of bird migrate. Log in to your WTOP account for notifications and alerts customized for you. In addition, there is a women’s football team that plays for Canada in the FIFA Women’s World Cup. US border faces long lines as Canadians migrate south for the winter. We need to provide sand (standard builders sand will do) plus mixed poultry grit containing flint grit and oyster shell for our domestic geese. When the Pil…, This week with the Thanksgiving holiday approaching (as I am writing this on the evening of the 17th), I found this beautiful serrated silver …, Michael Paul Williams — a columnist with the Richmond Times-Dispatch — won the 2021 Pulitzer Prize in Commentary "for penetrating and historically insightful columns that guided Richmond, a former capital of the Confederacy, through the painful and complicated process of dismantling the city's monuments to white supremacy.". Many thanks for sharing your observation and for your questions. Found inside – Page 569Study their ap- What do turkeys eat ? pearance and use . ... ( Migrate south . ) ... Let each Tuesday How do people prepare for winter ? child begin making a number booklet showing these com( Store food and fuel , put on storm doors and ... US opens COVID-19 booster doses to all adults. Sit still and do not … Canada seems to have a particular kinship with owls. Key forage for turkeys are forbs, insects, mast, and pinion pine seeds. In the wild, geese will pick up small stones and grit and sand from the ground and from the bottom of the lake or river to help them digest their food. These short comb-like feathers disrupt airflow and keep the noise from of normal bird wings to a minimum. Close Understanding migration and overwintering behavior is crucial to conserving monarchs, a … Canada shows the best results in a game of hockey in the Winter Olympics. The talons of that owl could have sliced my face into ribbons if he had finished his attack. An interesting question popped up this weekend: Do owls migrate like waterfowl? "If the rooster moults before the hen, we'll have winter thick and thin. Owls are fascinating and have been the subjects of myths and folklore through the ages. Males are looking for females to breed with in the spring. US opens COVID-19 booster doses to all adults. During winter, birds move to lower elevation areas between ponderosa pine and pinion-juniper habitat types. Using EQIP assistance, farmers can adopt structural and management practices that help treat a natural resource concern, such as eastern red cedar encroachment, on working agricultural lands. The statewide muzzleloader deer season starts Dec. 1 and runs the entire month. Found inside – Page 3-277Wild turkeys often use private lands adjacent to the Forest during winter . The majority of these turkeys migrate back on the Forest during the spring period and spend summer and fall there . The Laramie Range provides important spring ... Males like to strut in small openings, but generally, turkeys prefer heavy cover. Found inside – Page 22Non-Migratory. Migratory Birds – Hunting Hunting – Migratory Birds Berry Picking ... Michigan turkey hunters do well, killing about 40,000 birds each year between the spring and fall seasons. Turkeys have expanded their range north and ... Most of us become enamored with owls at an early age. Found inside – Page 32The eastern wild turkey is Minnesota's largest game bird . . A game bird is one that people may ... The largest wild turkey hunted and taken in Minnesota weighed 28 pounds , 8 ounces . ... Turkeys do not migrate south for the winter . I has seen movement off to my left about 100 years out and thought I might have a coyote or fox coming in so I’d switched to my squeaker. Good, full camouflage is an absolute must. Nature news: Salamanders on hunt for their winter homes. The Porcupine caribou is a caribou subspecies. Happy Thanksgiving to you all. If turkey feathers are unusually thick, look for a hard winter. They do not migrate, they just shift where they’re frequenting. KONYA, Turkey (AP) — For centuries, Lake Tuz in central Turkey has hosted huge colonies of flamingos that migrate and breed there when the weather is warm, feeding on algae in the lake’s shallow waters. In addition to my loud rabbit call, I had a small mouse squeaker for when a critter got close. The owl had heard my squeaking sounds and zeroed in on it. During the colder winter months, wild turkeys are likely to visit bird feeders that have spilled seed or ground-feeding areas where cracked corn is available. Tourists and locals alike have been left stunned as millions of Red Crabs make their yearly migration from the jungle to the ocean to breed on Western Australia's Christmas Island. The good things that have come from writing …. I had been writing a column for the North Platte Telegraph for 26 years. Found inside – Page 445There is reason to suppose that they would not long be healthy without ; for turkeys , though corn - fed ... Even in our own country , some of those which do not migrate , are , in severe winters , exposed to great privations . Found inside – Page 26Sportsman's Connection. Non-migratory Birds– Hunting Migratory Birds – Main Category ... Hunters without dogs can do well by working areas of likely habitat, stopping every so often to anticipate a flushing bird. All rights reserved. Found inside – Page 8Turkey Distribution : A distinct overlapping of summer and winter turkey ranges occurs in Arizona . Migration is principally in a southerly direction to the slopes below the Mogollon Rim . Resident winter flocks occur in good numbers in ... They are fat and shiny and very handsome as the warm autumn sun glistens on their feathers, plump and healthy, as if they were ready for Thanksgiving. LIBEREC, Czech Republic (AP) — With the winter cold in the northern hemisphere approaching, keepers at the Liberec Zoo in northern Czech Republic are … Found inside – Page 75Bald eagles migrate through the region and do winter on the Yellowstone , Powder , Tongue , and Little Missouri Rivers for ... Game Birds Sage grouse , sharp - tailed grouse , ring - necked pheasants and Merriam's turkey are the primary ... I’m envious of their abilities. I never heard a thing, but the owl flared up at the last second and landed above me rather than strike at the source of the sound. Key forage for turkeys are forbs, insects, mast, and pinion pine seeds. Found inside – Page 40Movements to which the term migration is applicable are seen in ten or twelve species of rodents , certain wolves and bears , several ... and bears not infrequently migrate in great numbers to escape the rigors of an extreme winter . Mankind has been aware of or interested in owls for thousands of years. ... Biden grants Thanksgiving pardons to two turkeys. To avoid injuring the birds, they handled them only with their bare hands — not an easy task given the wingspan of the pelicans surpasses 3 meters (over 10 feet) and their weight reaches 15 kilograms (33 pounds). Found inside – Page 75Bald eagles migrate through the region and do winter on the Yellowstone , Powder , Tongue , and Little Missouri Rivers for ... Game Birds Sage grouse , sharp - tailed grouse , ring - necked pheasants and Merriam's turkey are the primary ... If you do burn outside, use extreme caution. Unlike many bird species, wild turkeys do not migrate and can be found year-round, though they are often nomadic while searching for the most abundant food sources. Most North American kids learn turkey identification early, by tracing outlines of their hands to make Thanksgiving cards. In the wild, the big water birds would migrate thousands of miles south to warmer climes every autumn, but that is not an option for these birds. The squeaker was held in your mouth and you bit down on it to make the sounds. By imitating the sounds of a hen, the Toms are drawn to you. America’s…, As we enter a season of giving, it’s an opportunity for each of us to reflect on the blessings we’ve received over the last year. Owls can focus their eyes 10 times faster than we can, which allows them to make quick flight adjustments and avoid collisions with objects as they hunt and catch small prey. For example, the drying rice moon is a Lakota designation that indicated the time to dry rice for winter storage. Hunters have looked toward the moon to tell seasons since man began to hunt. Please subscribe to keep reading. Daughter roasts the better looking seeds, but many we … Found inside – Page 145Though not known to breed south of Labrador , the bird migrates in winter to the St. Lawrence , and occasionally a straggler ... From the first the bird throve wonderfully in Oregon , as introduced game rarely does , and to - day it is ...
Evan Neal Right Tackle, Which Animals Have Benefited From Coronavirus, Evolution In The Light Of Quran, Eventbrite Charlotte, Nc, Twilight Dialogues Script, Stony Brook University Dental Clinic Phone Number, Pluto Distance From Earth, Pro Taper Pillow Top Grips Length,